[272][273][274] The Pakistani poet and philosopher Muhammad Iqbal and the Bangladeshi national poet Kazi Nazrul Islam wrote poems in his honor. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (lahir di Selânik, Kesultanan Utsmaniyah, 19 Mei 1881 – meninggal di Istana Dolmabahçe, Istanbul, Turki, 10 November 1938 pada umur 57 tahun), hingga 1934 namanya adalah Gazi Mustafa Kemal Paşa, adalah seorang perwira militer dan negarawan Turki yang memimpin revolusi negara itu. [60], On 1 December 1912, Atatürk arrived at his new headquarters on the Gallipoli peninsula and, during the First Balkan War, he took part in the amphibious landing at Bulair on the coast of Thrace under Binbaşı Fethi Bey, but this offensive was repulsed during the Battle of Bulair by Georgi Todorov's 7th Rila Infantry Division[61] under the command of Stiliyan Kovachev's Bulgarian Fourth Army.[62]. From the British perspective, if Atatürk stabilized Turkey, he would then turn his attention to Mosul and penetrate Mesopotamia, where the native population would likely join his cause. He died on 10 November 1938, at the age of 57, in the Dolmabahçe Palace. In March 1921, the GNA representatives in Moscow signed the Treaty of Moscow ("Friendship and Brotherhood" Treaty) with Soviet Russia, which was a major diplomatic breakthrough for the Kemalists. Most of the lottery income was used to establish a new factory and fund aviation projects. Yılmaz Altuğ, Türk Devrim Tarihi Dersim, 1919–1938, 1980 s. p. 136. Quoted in Atatürkism, Volume 1 (Istanbul: Office of the Chief of General Staff, 1982), 126. [263] The demarcation between a criticism and an insult was defined as a political argument, and the Minister of Justice (a political position) was assigned in Article 5 to execute the law rather than the public prosecutor. Modern müzecilik anlayışına göre yeniden tefriş edilerek 1981’de yeniden ziyarete açıldı. The demilitarised zone heavily restricted Turkey's domination and sovereignty over the Straits, and the defence of Istanbul was impossible without sovereignty over the water that passed through it. It had the right to select and control both the government and the Prime Minister. [262], In 1951, the Democrat Party-controlled Turkish parliament led by Prime Minister Adnan Menderes (despite being the conservative opposition to Atatürk's own Republican People's Party) issued a law (5816) outlawing insults to his memory (hatırasına alenen hakaret) and destruction of objects representing him. Greece will guard its fervent memories of this great man, who determined an unalterable future path for the noble Turkish nation."[199]. In an effort to restore Islamic law, Sheik's forces moved through the countryside, seized government offices and marched on the important cities of Elazığ and Diyarbakır. [223] After İsmet İnönü became president in 1938, the differences between İnönü (who promoted state control) and Bayar (who was liberal) came to the forefront. [citation needed]. Evin bundan sonraki akıbeti bilinmez. [74] In May 1920 the power struggle between the two governments led to a death sentence in absentia for Mustafa Kemal by the Turkish courts-martial. [98] The Turkish Constitution of 1924 set a loose separation of powers between the legislative and the executive organs of the state, whereas the separation of these two within the judiciary system was a strict one. It countered the increasingly aggressive foreign policy of fascist Italy and the effect of a potential Bulgarian alignment with Nazi Germany. The Turkish Automobile Association was founded in 1923,[233] and its motto was: "The Turkish driver is a man of the most exquisite sensitivities. (24.11.1934)", "Turkey commemorates Atatürk on 78th anniversary of his passing", "Mustafa Kemal Ataturk – memorial museum in village Kodzadzik (Коџаџик) in Municipality Centar Zupa (Центар Жупа)", Anna Zadrożna (2017): Reconstructing the past in a post-Ottoman village: Turkishness in a transnational context, Nationalities Papers, p. 9. ", Modernity and Islam: Experiences of Turkish Women, "The Social Life of the State's Fantasy: Memories and Documents on Turkey's Surname Law of 1934", "Norşin'den Potamya'ya hayali coğrafyalarımız", "Names of 12,211 Villages Were Changed in Turkey", "MEANWHILE: Dressing to rule in Afghanistan", Islamic Values and World View: Farhang Khomeyni on Man, the State and International Politics, Volume XIII, "History of Turkish Aeronautical Association", Atatürk: Eine Biographie, Klaus Kreiser, C.H.Beck, 2011, "Turkey in the 21st century: The Legacy Of Mrs Ataturk", Taha Akyol: Atatürk yargı bağımsızlığını reddediyor, Islamism: A Documentary and Reference Guide, John Calvert John, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, The Antipodean Philosopher: Interviews on Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand, Graham Oppy, Lexington Books, 2011, "Why I Love Turkey's Smoking, Drinking Founding Father. However, after the Turkish army entered İzmir in 1922, Atatürk met Latife while staying at the house of her father, the shipping magnate Muammer Uşakizade (later Uşaklı). 166 were here. On 20 June 1907, he was promoted to the rank of Senior Captain (Kolağası) and on 13 October 1907, was assigned to the headquarters of the Third Army in Manastır. Après cela, nous verrons s'il est capable de se diriger lui-même… » Mais si vous me mettiez dans la triste obligation de choisir entre la Turquie et vous, alors sachez que mon choix est déjà fait et que mes soldats l'approuveront. [1], Selanik Belediyesi, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kuruluş yıldönümü olan 29 Ekim 1933’te yaptığı özel bir toplantıda, Cumhuriyetin 10. As a result, he was sent away to Tripolitania Vilayet (present Libya, then an Ottoman territory) under the pretext of suppressing a tribal rebellion towards the end of 1908. He emphasized the issue of religion; he not only opposed the abolition of the Caliphate, but also the adoption of civil codes based on Western models, the closure of religious orders, the ban on polygamy, and the new obligatory civil marriage. 1920: The Pitchfork Uprising was a peasant uprising against the Soviet policy of the war communism in what is today Tatarstan. [202] The policy of the Ankara government in this period was to give moral support in order to reassure Iranian independence and territorial integrity. [98] Deputies at the GNA served as the voice of Turkish society by expressing its political views and preferences. In 1931, Atatürk watched the development of the first national aircraft, MMV-1. To be a man it is enough to carry out the requirements of civilization. [117] After a censure motion gave the chance to have a breakaway group, Kâzım Karabekir, along with his friends, established such a group on 17 October 1924. What originally was an inquiry into the planners shifted to a sweeping investigation. However, despite all the hardships, Atatürk's forces in Libya managed to repel the Italians on a number of occasions, such as at the Battle of Tobruk on 22 December 1911. Despite some inter-ethnic violence, an election was conducted in 1938 by the local legislative assembly. Even though he personally promoted modern dress for women, Atatürk never made specific reference to women's clothing in the law, as he believed that women would adapt to the new clothing styles of their own free will. Social conditions, religion, and national traditions of our country confirm the opinion that Russian Communism is not applicable in Turkey. Following confinement for several months he was released only with the support of Rıza Pasha, his former school director. [223] The achievements of the 1930s were credited to early 1920s implementations of the economic system based on Atatürk's national policies.[224]. Resources were channeled away from Istanbul, a trading port with international foreign enterprises, in favor of other, less developed cities in order to achieve a more balanced economic development throughout the country.[215]. Each change was symbolized as an arrow in this banner. In August 1922, Atatürk launched an all-out attack on the Greek lines at Afyonkarahisar in the Battle of Dumlupınar, and Turkish forces regained control of İzmir on 9 September 1922. The most common institutions were medreses based on Arabic, the Qur'an, and memorization. [55] Along the established lines of the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, the Allies (British, Italian, French and Greek forces) occupied Anatolia. Only one of Mustafa's siblings, a sister named Makbule (Atadan) survived childhood; she died in 1956. However, Atatürk did not live to see the flight of the first Turkish military aircraft built at that factory. The first Turkish newspaper using the new alphabet was published on 15 December 1928. In addition, the entrance to Princess Royal Harbour in Albany, Western Australia is named Atatürk Channel. [99] Abolishing the sultanate was easier because the survival of the Caliphate at the time satisfied the partisans of the sultanate. Aile, Ali Rıza Efendi’nin 1888’de vefatına dek bu evde yaşamıştır. He also introduced the Latin-based Turkish alphabet, replacing the old Ottoman Turkish alphabet. İzmit'te Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 'Atatürk Evi'nde anacak 08.11.2020 17:57 Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 10 Kasım'da İzmit Belediyesi tarafından 29 Ekim Cumhuriyet Bayramı'nda açılan dünyanın en zengin Atatürk Müzesinde anılacak. Foreign issues were resolved by peaceful methods during his presidency. Many museums opened, architecture began to follow modern trends, and classical Western music, opera, ballet, and theatre took greater hold in the country. Atatürk began developing social reforms to address this issue very early, as was evident in his personal journal. [2] Evin bahçesindeki Atatürk’ün babası Ali Rıza Efendi tarafından dikildiği rivayet olunan tarihi nar ağacı, tarihi ve kültürel değeri nedeniyle müzenin en çok ilgi çeken noktalarındandır. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 10 Kasım'da İzmit Belediyesi tarafından 29 Ekim Cumhuriyet Bayramı'nda açılan dünyanın en zengin Atatürk Müzesinde anılacak. (Istanbul: İletişim, 2000), 101. "[84] Atatürk placed Fevzi Çakmak, Kâzım Özalp, and İsmet İnönü in political positions where they could institute his reforms. "[156] One of the goals of the establishment of the new Turkish state was to ensure "the domination of Turkish ethnic identity in every aspect of social life from the language that people speak in the streets to the language to be taught at schools, from the education to the industrial life, from the trade to the cadres of state officials, from the civil law to the settlement of citizens to particular regions. ...Women must have the right to vote and to be elected; because democracy dictates that, because there are interests that women must defend, and because there are social duties that women must perform. New York: Greekworks.com, Inc. Çağatay, Soner 2002 'Kemalist dönemde göç ve iskan politikaları: Türk kimliği üzerine bir çalışma' (Policies of migration and settlement in the Kemalist era: a study on Turkish identity), Toplum ve Bilim, no. [107] Dewey presented a paradigmatic set of recommendations designed for developing societies moving towards modernity in his "Report and Recommendation for the Turkish educational system". As part of the industrialization process, cotton planting was promoted to furnish raw material for future factory settlements. Atatürk insisted on the protection of secular reforms. The Allies, ignoring the extent of Atatürk's successes, hoped to impose a modified version of the Treaty of Sèvres as a peace settlement on Angora, but the proposal was rejected. [9] In particular, women were given voting rights in local elections by Act no. Later, it was claimed that Turkey began where the oil ends, as the border was drawn by the British geophysicists based on locations of oil reserves. [102] Turkey did not accept the re-establishment of the caliphate and perceived it as an attack to its basic existence. [55] While in Germany, Atatürk visited the German lines on the Western Front and concluded that the Central Powers would soon lose the war. Atatürk created a banner to mark the changes between the old Ottoman and the new republican rule. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’ün Evi’ni ziyaret edin, Otel, Restoran, Bar ve Gerekli Bilgilere Ulaşın, Araç Kiralayın, Gezin, Selanik’te Gece Hayatı ve Alışverişin Tadını Çıkarın ve Halkidiki’ye Gezmeye Gidin! Geoffrey L. Lewis (1999), The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success, Elmalılı Hamdi Yazır, (1935), "Hak dini Kur'an dili: Yeni mealli Türkçe tefsir" 9 volumes, printed in Istanbul. Instead of the traditional raffle prizes, this new lottery paid money prizes. [64], In 1914, the Ottoman Empire entered the European and Middle Eastern theatres of World War I allied with the Central Powers. In March 1936, Hitler's reoccupation of the Rhineland gave Atatürk the opportunity to resume full control over the Straits. II. The leaders of such countries included Atatürk's Iranian contemporary Reza Shah Pahlavi, the Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, the Tunisian President Habib Bourguiba, and the Egyptian President Anwar Sadat. Abolition of the Caliphate was an important dimension in Atatürk's drive to reform the political system and to promote national sovereignty. This speech also had another position. 1580 on 3 April 1930 and a few years later, in 1934, full universal suffrage.[10]. [122] For the first time in history, Islamic law was separated from secular law and restricted to matters of religion. The last group included colleges and minority schools in foreign languages that used the latest teaching models in educating pupils. [93] Some perceived his opposition and silencing of these ideologies as a means of eliminating competition; others believed it was necessary to protect the young Turkish state from succumbing to the instability of new ideologies and competing factions. Kemal Atatürk was born (under the name Ali Rıza oğlu Mustafa which means "Mustafa son of Ali Rıza") in the early months of 1881, either in the Ahmet Subaşı neighbourhood or at a house (preserved as a museum) in Islahhane Street (now Apostolou Pavlou Street) in the Koca Kasım Pasha neighbourhood in Salonica (Selanik),[22] Ottoman Empire (Thessaloniki in present-day Greece). Any attempt to "cleanse" the Turkish language of foreign influence without modelling the integral structure of the language was inherently wrong to him. Ahmet’in düşüydü onun doğduğu ve çocukluğunu yaşadığı bu evi ziyaret etmek. [166] Names ending with "yan, of, ef, viç, is, dis, poulos, aki, zade, shvili, madumu, veled, bin" (names that denote non-Turkish origins) could not be registered and were replaced by "-oğlu. Atatürk believed that "culture is the foundation of the Turkish Republic,"[127] and described modern Turkey's ideological thrust as "a creation of patriotism blended with a lofty humanist ideal." [72] (see Sivas Congress), The last election to the Ottoman parliament held in December 1919 gave a sweeping majority to candidates of the "Association for Defence of Rights for Anatolia and Roumelia" (Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti), headed by Atatürk, who himself remained in Angora, now known as Ankara. [46] In July 1908, he played a role in the Young Turk Revolution which seized power from Sultan Abdülhamid II and restored the constitutional monarchy. A good example is the definition and application of secularism; the Kemalist secular state significantly differed from predominantly Christian states. The cities of Antakya (Antioch) and İskenderun (Alexandretta) joined Turkey in 1939.[213]. The caliph made a statement to the effect that he would not interfere with political affairs. [220] The bank's primary purpose was to control the exchange rate and Ottoman Bank's role during its initial years as a central bank was phased out. "[234], In 1935, Turkey was becoming an industrial society based on the Western European model set by Atatürk. Günümüzde Yunanistan topraklarında bulunan yapı "Atatürk Evi… Michael Radu, (2003), "Dangerous Neighborhood: Contemporary Issues in Turkey's Foreign Relations", page 125. The unification of education under one curriculum ended "clerics or clergy of the Ottoman Empire", but was not the end of religious schools in Turkey; they were moved to higher education until later governments restored them to their former position in secondary after Atatürk's death. (Vatandaş Türkçe konuş! Atatürk was instrumental in suppressing the revolt. Atatürk’ün Beşiktaş’taki Evi Akaretler Mustafa Kemal Müzesi. Atatürk'ün Milli Dış Politikası, Vol. As in past our Republican Government regards genuine and extensive good relations with Soviet Russia as the keystone of our foreign policy. He became the front-line commander after correctly anticipating where the Allies would attack, and held his position until they retreated. The investigation brought a number of political activists before the tribunal, including Karabekir, the leader of the PRP. Atatürk Evi Müzesi, Türkiye'nin kurucusu Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'ün 1881 yılında dünyaya geldiği yer olan ve bugün müze olarak kullanılan Selanik'teki evidir. Those who covet this border will encounter the burning beams of the sun. The liberation of a nation is only achieved through this way. [4], Günümüzde “Agiu Dimitriu Caddesi, Apostolu Pavlu Sokağı No:17” adresinde bulunan evin Osmanlı dönemindeki adresi “Koca Kasım Paşa Mahallesi, Islahane Caddesi veya Numan Paşa Caddesi” şeklindedir.[2]. (But according to the party culture the foundation date was the opening day of Sivas Congress on 4 September 1919). [191] In 1935, the pact was prolonged for another 10 years. Thermaikos Körfezi’nin Gelini . [184][185], In his 26 April 1920 message to Vladimir Lenin, the Bolshevik leader and head of the Russian SFSR's government Atatürk promised to coordinate his military operations with the Bolsheviks' "fight against imperialist governments" and requested 5 million lira in gold as well as armaments "as first aid" to his forces. We shall certainly achieve it". Yilmaz Altuð, "Atatürk'ün Dis Politikasý," B.Ü. The British were in a precarious situation with the Issue of Mosul and were adopting almost equally desperate measures to protect their interests. She has been inspired by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who founded the Republic of … Atatürk’ün ailesinin 7 yıl yaşadığı, kendisinin de sık sık uğradığı bu bina Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü tarafından müze olarak düzenlendi. On 23 April 1920, the GNA opened with Atatürk as the speaker; this act effectively created the situation of diarchy in the country. Düşü gerçekleşmişti! [182], In 1925, the League of Nations formed a three-member committee to study the case while the Sheikh Said Rebellion was on the rise. ), an initiative created in the 1930s by law students but sponsored by the government. [117] The CHP held all but one seat in the parliament. Şevket Süreyya Aydemir, Tek Adam, Vol. According to his view, society marched towards its goal with men and women united. [55] Instead, on 7 March 1917, Atatürk was promoted from the command of the XVI Corps to the overall command of the Second Army, although the Czar's armies were soon withdrawn when the Russian Revolution erupted. Prior to this, the road network had consisted of 13,885 km of ruined surface roads, 4,450 km of stabilized roads, and 94 bridges. These conflicts spread rapidly, eventually triggering World War II. [147] However, it was only in 1935 that the version of Yazır's work read in public found its way to print. [79] On 10 September 1922, Atatürk sent a telegram to the League of Nations stating that the Turkish population was so worked up that the Ankara Government would not be responsible for the ensuing massacres.[80]. E-ticaret Sitesi. Koçak, Cemil (2005) "Parliament Membership during the Single-Party System in Turkey (1925–1945)". Diğer üyeler eve konulacak eşyaları ve yerlerini tespit amacıyla Selanik’e gittiler ve dönüşte bakanlığa bir rapor sundular. The pre-Islamic culture of the Turks became the subject of extensive research, and particular emphasis was placed on the widespread Turkish culture before the Seljuk and Ottoman civilizations. He has roads named after him in several countries, such as the Kemal Atatürk Marg in New Delhi, India; the Kemal Atatürk Avenues in Dhaka and Chittagong in Bangladesh; the Atatürk Avenue in the heart of Islamabad, Pakistan; Mustafa Kemal Atatürk street in Tunis, Tunisia; the Atatürk Road in the southern city of Larkana in Sindh, Pakistan (which Atatürk visited in 1923); Mustafá Kemal Atatürk street in the Naco district of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic; and the street and memorial Atatürk in the Amsterdam-Noord borough of Amsterdam, Netherlands. [223] The treaty signaled a turning point in Turkish history since it was the first step towards an alliance with the West. From the political economy perspective, Atatürk faced the problem of political upheaval. [102] On 1 March 1924, at the Assembly, Atatürk said: The religion of Islam will be elevated if it will cease to be a political instrument, as had been the case in the past. [71] Later, he was condemned to death. On 20 May 1928, Anglo-Afghan politics gained a positive perspective, when Amanullah Khan and his wife, Queen Soraya Tarzi, were received by Atatürk in Istanbul. On 11 August 1930, Atatürk decided to try a multiparty movement once again and asked Fethi Okyar to establish a new party. [118] The PRP was not against Atatürk's main positions as declared in its program; they supported establishing secularism in the country and the civil law, or as stated, "the needs of the age" (article 3) and the uniform system of education (article 49). It originated with a former deputy who had opposed the abolition of the Caliphate. Atatürk first made the hat compulsory for civil servants. [146] With the support of Atatürk, the Parliament approved the project and the Directorate of Religious Affairs appointed Mehmet Akif (Ersoy) to compose a Qur'an translation, and the Islamic scholar Elmalılı Hamdi Yazır to author a Turkish language Qur'anic commentary (tafsir) titled Hak Dini Kur'an Dili (The Qur'an: the Tongue of the Religion of Truth). It was dissolved by British forces on 18 March 1920, shortly after it adopted the Misak-ı Millî ("National Pact"). Atatürk supported Afghanistan's integration into international organizations. Despite his relations with the Soviet Union, Atatürk was not willing to commit Turkey to communism. Over the next several months, Atatürk pressed for the introduction of the new Turkish alphabet and made public announcements of the upcoming overhaul. [citation needed][dubious – discuss], Atatürk's funeral called forth both sorrow and pride in Turkey, and 17 countries sent special representatives, while nine contributed armed detachments to the cortège. In keeping with the Islamic practice of sex segregation, Ottoman practice discouraged social interaction between men and women. Kitapevi’nde 100 TL ve üzeri alışverişinize KARGO ÜCRETSİZ Kitapevi’nde 200 TL ve üzeri alışverişinize % 5 indirim Kitapevi’nde 300 TL ve üzeri alışverişinize % 10 indirim Atatürk reacted to conditions of this period by moving toward integrated economic policies and establishing a central bank to control exchange rates. ", "Turkish Telecommunications Presidency: Internet Hotline", Time to break out of legislative straitjacket that is stifling media freedom, "Hitler's Infatuation with Atatürk Revisited", "The 20th-Century Dictator Most Idolized by Hitler", Remarks on the 25th Anniversary of the Death of Kemal Atatürk, 4 November 1963, "Habib Bourguiba ou la modernité inachevée", "Modernity and Islam: Experiences of Turkish Women", "John Dewey in Turkey: An Educational Mission", Newspaper clippings about Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Atatürk in the Nazi Imagination - Harvard University Press, Association for Defence of National Rights, Alfortville Armenian Genocide Memorial Bombings, How happy is the one who says I am a Turk, Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation, Association for the Support of Contemporary Living, Population distribution and settlement in Turkey, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal_Atatürk&oldid=1021141515, Committee of Union and Progress politicians, Leaders of the Republican People's Party (Turkey), Members of the Special Organization (Ottoman Empire), Ottoman military personnel of World War I, Ottoman military personnel of the Balkan Wars, Ottoman military personnel of the Italo-Turkish War, Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class, Recipients of the Medal of Independence with Red-Green Ribbon (Turkey), Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie, 1st class, Turkish military personnel of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922), Articles containing Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2016, Articles with Turkish-language sources (tr), Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from June 2020, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2014, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles to be expanded from November 2020, Articles needing translation from Turkish Wikipedia, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2015, Articles needing additional references from November 2020, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021, Articles with disputed statements from March 2021, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Semantic Scholar author identifiers, Wikipedia articles with TDVİA identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.