[274] Fossil fuel subsidies were around 0.2% of GDP for the first two decades of the 21st century,[275][276] and are higher than clean energy subsidies. [428] Women's volleyball clubs, namely Fenerbahçe, Eczacıbaşı and Vakıfbank, have won numerous European championship titles and medals. The Ottomans completed their conquest of the Byzantine Empire by capturing its capital, Constantinople, in 1453: their commander thenceforth being known as Mehmed the Conqueror. Il signifie également que cette nation arabe est plus proche et davantage prédisposée à la division », une majorité de la population utilise l'arabe comme langue maternelle, l'arabe est utilisée par une minorité importante ou pour des raisons historiques et culturelles. After becoming one of the early members of the Council of Europe in 1950, Turkey became an associate member of the EEC in 1963, joined the EU Customs Union in 1995, and started accession negotiations with the European Union in 2005. Selon une étude commandée en 2008 par le Conseil de la sécurité nationale et réalisée par des universités, il y aurait 10 millions d’alévis, dont 9 millions en Turquie et 1 million en Europe. [165][166] As of 2016[update], Turkey does not have an ambassador in either Syria or Egypt. En revanche, l’expression « monde arabe » est un terme colonial d’origine britannique. As a result, an estimated 800,000 to 1,500,000 Armenians were killed. Renowned Turkish journalists who were murdered for their opinions include Abdi İpekçi (1929–1979, editor-in-chief of Milliyet); Çetin Emeç (1935–1990, chief columnist and coordinator of Hürriyet); Uğur Mumcu (1942–1993, columnist and investigative journalist of Cumhuriyet); and Hrant Dink (1954–2007, founder and editor-in-chief of Agos). [221], On 20 May 2016, the Turkish parliament stripped almost a quarter of its members of immunity from prosecution, including 101 deputies from the pro-Kurdish HDP and the main opposition CHP party. Recently Vakıfbank has won the FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship in 2017 and 2018,[429][430][431] and the 2017–18 CEV Women's Champions League for the fourth time in their history.[432]. [23] The Turkish War of Independence against the occupying Allied Powers resulted in the abolition of the Sultanate on 1 November 1922, the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne (which superseded the Treaty of Sèvres) on 24 July 1923 and the proclamation of the Republic on 29 October 1923. [227], According to the Committee to Protect Journalists, the AKP government has waged one of the world's biggest crackdowns on media freedom. [96] In the following year, the single-party period in Turkey came to an end, with the first multiparty elections in 1946. It consists of the construction of a spaceport, the development of satellite launch vehicles as well as the establishment of remote earth stations. [377] Turkey has one of the highest rates of obesity in the world, with nearly one third (29.5%) of its adult population having a body mass index (BMI) value that is 30 or above. The Tanzimat reforms, initiated by Mahmud II just before his death in 1839, aimed to modernise the Ottoman state in line with the progress that had been made in Western Europe. In 2015, Aziz Sancar, a Turkish professor at the University of North Carolina, won the Nobel Chemistry Prize along with Tomas Lindahl and Paul Modrich, for their work on how cells repair damaged DNA. Le premier groupe est pratiquement dilué dans le reste de la population turco-musulmane. Local administrations were established to provide services in place and the government is represented by the province governors (vali) and town governors (kaymakam). La Constitution irakienne de 2005 reconnait une large autonomie au Kurdistan irakien et un kurde, Jalal Talabani est même élu président de la République[16]. [86], The occupation of Istanbul (1918) and İzmir (1919) by the Allies in the aftermath of World War I prompted the establishment of the Turkish National Movement. The traditional national sport of Turkey has been yağlı güreş (oil wrestling) since Ottoman times. Depuis 2003, le Tubitak (Conseil de recherche scientifique et technologique de Turquie) distribue des bourses aux étudiants de sciences sociales souhaitant travailler sur le monde arabe. [b][22] After the Ottomans and the other Central Powers lost the war, the Ottoman Empire was partitioned. [298], TÜBİTAK is the leading agency for developing science, technology and innovation policies in Turkey. The history of its designs, motifs and ornaments thus reflects the political and ethnic history and diversity of Asia minor. Dans ces conditions, la part du Moyen-Orient dans les exportations turques est passée de 10 % en 1996 à 20 % en 2010 ... Turquie/monde arabe : quel rôle pour la Turquie ? The Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism currently promotes Turkish tourism under the project Turkey Home. [182][183] Turkey recognizes and supports the Tripoli-based Government of National Accord (GNA) in Libya, which has been torn by a civil war since 2014. Une minorite oui, mais ce n'est pas dans la culture turque. Population turque en allemagne 2021. In time, the ancient rituals, myths, legends and stories evolved into theatrical shows. [325], Religion in Turkey (Optimar survey, 2019)[337][338][339][340], Turkey is a secular state with no official state religion; the Turkish Constitution provides for freedom of religion and conscience. It shares borders with Greece and Bulgaria to the northwest; the Black Sea to the north; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran to the east; Iraq to the southeast; Syria and the Mediterranean Sea to the south; and the Aegean Sea to the west. [65], The Ottoman Empire's power and prestige peaked in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, who personally instituted major legislative changes relating to society, education, taxation and criminal law. This region comprises approximately one-sixth of Turkey's total land area. The Osman Gazi Bridge (2016) connects the northern and southern shores of the Gulf of İzmit. After decades of political negotiations, Turkey applied for full membership of the EEC in 1987, became an associate member of the Western European Union in 1992, joined the EU Customs Union in 1995 and has been in formal accession negotiations with the EU since 2005. Il est donc impossible de donner des chiffres précis en ce qui concerne ces trois sujets. European Turkey comprises only 3 percent of the country's territory. The decline of the Ottoman Empire led to a rise in nationalist sentiment among its various subject peoples, leading to increased ethnic tensions which occasionally burst into violence, such as the Hamidian massacres of Armenians.[75]. [100] In 1983 the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which is recognised only by Turkey, was established. [370] This is compulsory and lasts twelve years: four years each of primary school, middle school and high school. [98][99] Between 1960 and the end of the 20th century, the prominent leaders in Turkish politics who achieved multiple election victories were Süleyman Demirel, Bülent Ecevit and Turgut Özal. [117][118], Between 9 October – 25 November 2019, Turkey conducted a military offensive into north-eastern Syria.[119][120][121]. Each category includes first instance courts and high courts. Les grandes chaînes de supermarchés du pays, avec une population de 34 millions d’habitants, ont remplacé presque du jour au lendemain la gamme de produits turcs dans le panier Gado par des produits de consommation de Grèce, rivale de la Turquie en conflit avec elle à la suite d’un différend sur les frontières maritimes en Méditerranée. In central Anatolia the temperatures can drop below -20 °C ( -4 °F) with the mountains being even colder. Les pays du Machrek abritent également une forte communauté arménienne formée majoritairement de chrétiens orthodoxes qui se sont installés dans la région après le génocide de 1915 principalement à Alep en Syrie, Beyrouth au Liban et Alexandrie en Égypte[15]. [377] Known as Universal Health Insurance (Genel Sağlık Sigortası), it is funded by a tax surcharge on employers, currently at 5%. Alors qu'en 1914 le quart de la population anatolienne était de confession chrétienne, ces mouvements de population forcés, survenant après le génocide de 1915 et après les massacres et les exodes de la guerre d'indépendance, achevèrent de faire de la Turquie un pays presque exclusivement musulman. [83][84][85] Following the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, the victorious Allied Powers sought to partition the Ottoman state through the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres. [267] In 2004, it was estimated that 46 percent of total disposable income was received by the top 20 percent of income earners, while the lowest 20 percent received only 6 percent. [240], Turkey is divided into seven geographical regions: Marmara, Aegean, Black Sea, Central Anatolia, Eastern Anatolia, Southeastern Anatolia and the Mediterranean. The Administrative Code bears similarities with its French counterpart, and the Penal Code with its Italian counterpart. Another revolution in Turkish poetry came about in 1941 with the Garip movement led by Orhan Veli, Oktay Rıfat and Melih Cevdet. The efforts of Midhat Pasha during the late Tanzimat era led the Ottoman constitutional movement of 1876, which introduced the First Constitutional Era, but these efforts proved to be inadequate in most fields, and failed to stop the dissolution of the empire. [202][203] Turkey's human rights record continues to be a significant obstacle to the country's membership of the EU. In 1071, the Seljuks defeated the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert, starting the Turkification process in the area; the Turkish language and Islam were introduced to Armenia and Anatolia, gradually spreading throughout the region. La destruction de 90% de villages kurdes en Irak sous le régime de Saddam Hussein et celle de 3.428 villages et hameaux kurdes en Turquie dans les années 1990 ont accentué l’exode rural. Temperatures of −30 °C to −40 °C (−22 °F to −40 °F) do occur in northeastern Anatolia, and snow may lie on the ground at least 120 days of the year and in the mountains almost the entire year.
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